Syria
Gertrude Bell (1868–1926) was a British writer, mountaineer, archaeologist and traveller with an extraordinary knowledge of and sympathy for the Middle East. A gifted historian and linguist, educated at Oxford before women were permitted to graduate, she later travelled widely in Persia and the Ottoman Empire, building close relationships with local people across Arabia and the Levant. She became known for her evocative, incisive books on the region, beginning with Persian Pictures in 1894. During and after the First World War, she strongly influenced British policy towards the Middle East, helping to establish the new state of Iraq and advising its first king, Faisal I. In her final years she was instrumental in founding the Iraq Museum and the National Library of Iraq in Baghdad, and she is remembered today as a pioneering Arabist and a tireless, distinguished force in Middle Eastern politics at a critical period.
Dawn Chatty is Emerita Professor of Anthropology and Forced Migration at the University of Oxford, where she was director of the Refugee Studies Centre until her retirement. She studied social anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and in the Netherlands, and taught at universities in the United States, Lebanon, Syria and Oman before moving to Oxford in 1994. Her research focuses on refugees and nomadic pastoralists in the modern Middle East, as well as young peoples’ experience of armed conflict in Palestine, Afghanistan and elsewhere. Her most recent book is Syria: The Making and Unmaking of a Refuge State (2021).