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George Orwell (1903–50) was born Eric Arthur Blair in Motihari, India (where his father worked for the Civil Service) into what he would later call a ‘lower-upper-middle class’ family. The family returned to England in 1907 and, after studying at Eton, Orwell joined the Indian Imperial Police Force in Burma. Whilst in Burma he developed a critical attitude towards authority, which he evoked in his first novel, Burmese Days (1934). He resigned from the police force in 1927 and took to exploring the poverty of his home country with a view to becoming a writer. He lived in Paris for two years before returning to England, where he worked successively as a private tutor, schoolteacher and bookshop assistant, and contributed reviews and articles to a number of periodicals.
His first work of non-fiction, Down and Out in Paris and London , was published in 1936, and in the same year he was commissioned by Victor Gollancz to visit areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire. The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) was his powerful description of the poverty he saw there. He fought in the Spanish Civil War, experiencing the factionalism breaking apart the Republican cause and became virulently anti-Communist, a stance reflected in his Homage to Catalonia (1938). During the Second World War Orwell served in the Home Guard and worked for the BBC Eastern Service. As literary editor of Tribune , he contributed a regular page of political and literary commentary and also wrote for The Observer and Manchester Evening News . His political satire Animal Farm was published shortly after the end of the war in 1945, and it was this novel, together with Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949, Folio 2014), that brought him worldwide fame. Orwell’s letters and diaries have been published posthumously by The Folio Society as an exclusive edition, selected and introduced by Orwell expert Peter Davison.
Alan Rusbridger served as editor-in-chief of the Guardian newspaper from 1995 to 2015 . Born in Zambia, he graduated from Cambridge University with a degree in English in 1976. He trained as a reporter on the Cambridge Evening News before first joining the Guardian in 1979. During his editorship the paper has fought a number of high-profile battles over libel and press freedom, and he has been named Editor of the Year three times. He is the author of three children’s books, co-author of the BBC drama Fields of Gold, and has written a full-length animation film script and a play about Beethoven. He was a visiting fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, a visiting professor of history at Queen Mary’s College, London and an honorary professor at Cardiff University.